Material Covered:  Respiration, Cardiovascular System, Blood Cells,
Lymphatic System and Endocrine System

Use the following letters to indicate your answer:

A: Only I is true
B: Only II is true
C: Both are true
D: Both are false

       II. Bowman’s glands are mucous secreting glands found in the olfactory epithelium.
 

2.     I. Sustentacular cells of the nasal cavity give rise to stereocilia, a nonmotile cilia.

       II. Fila olfactory is a term for the ciliated epithelial surface of the nasal cavity.
 

3.     I.  The laryngeal ventricles are pouches inferior to the true vocal cords.

       II. Most of the epiglottis, vocal cords and ventricular folds are lined by stratified
            squamous non-keratinized epithelium.
 

4.     I.  The glottis is the area created by the false vocal folds.

       II. There are about 16 – 20 cartilage rings in the trachea that may become fibrous with age.
 

5.     I. One difference between trachea and secondary bronchi is that the later has a muscularis
            mucosa layer between the epithelium and cartilage whereas the former does not.

       II. Hyaline cartilage is considered part of the tracheal adventitia.
 

6.     I.  Gas exchange of the respiratory system begins in the respiratory bronchiole.

       II. Sympathetic input into the respiratory system constricts bronchioles.
 

7.     I.  Bronchioles have no glands, no cartilage, no goblet cells and no elastic fibers.

       II. Clara cells produce a phospholipid that coats the epithelium of bronchioles, which
            prevents walls not to stick together.
 

8.     I.  Bronchial arteries carry deoxygenated blood to the alveolar sacs for gas exchange.

       II. The basal lamina of type I cells of the alveolar and the endothelium cells of the
            capillaries are fused.
 

9.     I. Norepinephrine stimulates smooth muscle contraction of the muscular artery tunica
            media.

        II.  Arteriosclerosis is the condition of fat deposits building up on the endothelial tissues
            creating a condition for platelet attachment.
 

10.     I. The muscular arteries have one elastic membrane which is located in the tunica intima.

         II.  Both the cell membrane of capillaries and red blood cells are positively charged.
 

11.     I. A pericyte is a fully developed capillary endothelial cell which does not touch the
            lumen of the vessel.

         II.  Endothelial cells of the fenestrated capillary have anionic pores spanned by a
            diaphragm.
 

12.     I. Histamine, a vasodilator and serotonin, a vasoconstrictor, act upon the the endothelial
                cells of venules.

         II.  The largest tunica of a large vein is the adventitia which has abundant smooth
            muscle cells arranged longitudinally.
 

13.     I. Purkinje fibers of the heart are found primarily in the myocardium.

         II. The dense core of the heart valves, which is made of fibro-elastic tissue and
            fibrocartilage, arise from the annulus fibrosus and is called the chordae tendinae.
 

14.     I. Contraction of the arteriovenous anastomoses will lead to an increase in blood
            flow to the capillary bed.

         II. Elastic arteries contract during diastole.
 

15.     I.  The average adult human has about 5 L of blood.

         II. The removal of albumin from blood plasma will yield serum.
 

16.     I.  Erythrocytes are anucleate, biconcaved discs, 7 nm in diameter, and have no
            visible organelles.

         II. Glycoproteins on the surface of erythrocytes impart a negative charge.
 

17.     I.  Most of the iron in erythrocytes is in the ferrous oxidative state.

         II. The plasma membrane of erythrocytes is thinner than other cells.
 

18.     I.  Methemoglobin is defined as hemoglobin without oxygen bound to it.

         II. Autoaggultination occurs when the zeta potential is lost.
 
 

19.     I.  Anisocytosis means that the patient has a variation of erythrocyte
            size within the blood.

         II. Pappenheimer bodies are DNA remnants in erythrocytes.
 

20.     I.  The “left shift” is when there is an increase in monocytes in the blood
            due to an invasion of bacteria.

         II. Neutrophils band form are slightly immature and make up 5 – 10%
            of circulating leukocytes.
 

21.     I.  Basophil granules contain histamine and the basophils themselves have receptors
            for IgE.

         II. Thrombocytes store and transport serotonin, and can phagocytized bacteria.
 

22.     I. Activated B-cells (plasma cells) settle in bone marrow or lymphoid tissue and secrete
            antibodies.

         II. GALT collects antigens from the epithelial surface of GI tract.
 

23.     I. Antibodies play a major role in “tagging” cells that have been invaded by viruses
            so that T-cells can recognize them.

         II. The Fab portion of an antibody is the variable region of that protein.
 

24.     I.  Peripheral lymphoid tissue includes lymph nodes, part of liver and spleen, lymphatic
            aggregate and diffuse lymphoid tissue.

         II. Once a B cell has been activated by an antigen it gives rise, through the process of
            blastogenesis, to a plasma cell and a memory cell.
 
 

25.     I.  Thymic functions include antigen independent lymphocyte production and differentiation,
            and transformation of immature lymphocytes into immunologically competent T lymphocytes.

         II.  Thymic macrophages form a boundary at the inner cortex and remove defective
            T lymphocytes as they move towards the medulla.
 

26.     I. Primary lymphoid nodules contain an active germinal center, which is pale staining
            and contains proliferating lymphoblasts.

         II. Lymph nodes are encapsulated organs containing multiple lymphoid nodules. The nodes
            function to filter lymph, concentrate foreign material and present the antigen to lymphocytes.
 

27.     I.  In the lymph node, B cells are found in the outer cortex whereas T cells predominate
            in the paracortical areas.  B cells predominate in the medulla.

         II. Lymph circulation occurs by the following route:  afferent lymph vessels -
            subcapsular space - medullary sinus - cortical sinuses - efferent lymph vessel.
 

28.     I.  Hassell’s corpuscles, located throughout the thymic cortex, is a major histological
            marker for the thymus.

         II.  In contrast to arteries and veins, lymphatic vessels do not have smooth muscles.
 

29.     I. Reticular epithelial cells of the thymus are connected to each other by tonofilaments
            and provide support, isolation and trophic hormones, such as thymosin, to developing
            T lymphocytes.

         II. Diapedes is the process denoting erythrocyte migration through the red pulp of the spleen.
 
 

30.     I.  Lymph nodes, thymus and spleen are lymph organs that are morphologically divided
            up into a cortex and medulla.

         II. The hilus of the lymph node contains the lymph vessels that carry lymph fluid into
            and out of the node.
 

31.     I. Adenohypophysis is derived from epithelium while the posterior pituitary derives
            from nervous tissue.

         II. Hormones can be proteins, peptides, glycoproteins, amines or steroids.
 

32.     I.  Pars tuberalis is the stem region connecting to the pars nervosa.

         II. Hypophysial portal vessels carry hormones from the Paraventricular nucleus to
            secretory cells of in the pars distalis.
 

33.     I.  The neurohypophysis secretes oxytocin, which effects secretion of milk out of
            the nipple.

         II. Stimulation of the arcuate neurons can occur by either neuronal and blood plasma
            factors.
 

34.     I.  If the osmolarity decreases, ADH also decreases leading to micturitional increase.

         II. Major hemorrhaging leads to an increase in ADH levels.
 

35.     I.  Herring bodies are hormone and protein carriers found in the axon coming from the arcuate nucleus.

         II. ACTH, MSH, and TSH come from the precursor proopiomelanocortin (POMC).
 

36.     I.  The acidophils of the pituitary gland secrete GH and PRL releasing hormones.

         II. In the anterior pituitary, there are more acidophils that basophils.
 

37.     I. The inferior hypophysial artery supplies primary capillary beds onto which the
            arcuate nucleus axons terminate.

         II. Somatostatin stimulates growth hormone secretion.
 

38.     I.  The thyroid gland is anterior to the 2nd and 3rd tracheal cartilage.

         II. Blood supply for the thyroid comes from the inferior and superior thyroid arteries.

39.     I. Iodine is oxidized in the apical portion of thyroid follicular cells by peroxidases.

         II. Sympathetic innervation and TSH control the follicular production of T3 and T4.
 

40.     I.  The thyroid hormone T3, which is more biologically active than T4, is secreted into
            capillaries along with thyroglobulin.

         II. A normal person has about 2 to 3 day supply of thyroid hormone stored in the
            thyroid gland.
 

41.     I. T3 travels through the cell membrane and binds to a cytosolic receptor.  That
            ligand/receptor complex crosses the nuclear membrane and binds to a nuclear
            receptor protein.

         II. Exogenous administration of T3 and T4 would cause the thyroid follicle cells
            to hypertrophy.
 

42.     I.  Calcium level is controlled by calcitonin and PTH, with the former effecting
            a decrease in plasma calcium levels and the later an increase.

         II. There is no direct pituitary control over the parathyroid gland.
 

43.     I.  A normal person usually has 4 parathyroid glands located on the anterior side
            of the thyroid gland.

         II. Hypoparathyroidism is likely to cause kidney stones.
 

44.     I.  Sympathetic innervation of the adrenal cortex under certain circumstances can
            stimulate the release of aldosterone.

         II. The cells of the zona reticularis of the adrenal gland typically are small and have
            nuclear pycnosis.
 

45.     I. SIADH will result in hyponatremia.

         II. Progesterone is normally a major precursor to DHEA-S.
 

46.     I. Centripetal obesity is one of the symptoms of 21-Hydroxylase Deficiency enzyme #3.

         II. In the production of cortisol from cholesterol, 11-deoxycortisol is synthesized in the
            endoplasmic reticulum.
 

47.     I. Hypernatremia is a symptom of Addison’s disease.

         II. Progesterone is normally a major precursor to aldosterone.
 

48.     I. Both the pre and post ganglion parasympathetic neurons use acetylcholine as
            their neurotransmitter.

        II. Cortisol, by inducing the upregulation of phenylethanolamine-N-methyltransferase,
            stimulates the conversion of epinephrine to norepinephrine in the medulla of the
            adrenal gland.

49.     I. An increase in insulin plasma levels will lead to a decrease in amino acid plasma levels.

         II. Parasympathetic stimulation of the islet of Langerhans will lead to an increase in
            insulin and glucagon release from the pancreas.
 

50.     I. Glucagon engenders gluconeolysis.

         II. Normal amount of norepinephrine found in the blood would be in pg amounts.