Leland Speed Library  . . . . . . . . .              LIBRARY INSTRUCTION

The authoritative source for citing sources with APA is the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association, which can be purchased at the campus bookstore. The manual is also available at the MC Speed Library at the 2nd floor Reference Desk.

Another good source for citing electronic information, including web pages and electronic journals, is Electronic Styles: A Handbook for Citing Electronic Information. This book is available at the 2nd floor Reference Desk. More information is available at the American Psychological Association (APA) website.

The following are guidelines for citing electronic sources. DISCLAIMER: Some web browsers may display or print the citation examples incorrectly, particularly with the line breaks and spacing.  Any questions not clearly answered here should be addressed to your professor.

IN-TEXT CITATIONS

References in the text to another source must direct the reader to the corresponding entry in the Reference List. The APA website advises when citing a specific part of an electronic source, specify the page, chapter, figure or table if given. Example: (Kumar, 1999, p. 5)

If the web document does not include fixed page numbers, use the paragraph number, if available. Example: (Myers, 2000, ¶ 5)

If there is no page number or paragraph number visible, cite the heading and the number of the paragraph, if available. Example: (Aiex, 1993, Guidelines section, ¶ 1)

In cases where there are no paragraph headings, or where their use would be unwieldy, location references may be omitted.

If the entire web site is being referenced in the text, no entry is needed on the reference. Give the URL of the site in the text. Example: Ask Eric is a good web site for educators (http://www.askeric.org).

ITALICS VERSUS UNDERLINING
Italics are recommended rather than underlining.

EXAMPLES OF CITATIONS OF ELECTRONIC SOURCES USING APA

• Web page with author
• Web page with no author
• Web page with no author, no date
• Article from a commercial database (EBSCOhost, Lexis-Nexis, FirstSearch)
• Article from an online journal or newspaper

Web page with author:

Garelli, J. (2000). The art of Ludwig van Beethoven: The 
	greatest composer ever. Retrieved May 10, 2000, from 
	http://www.geocities.com/Vienna/4098

Web page with no author:

The Montagnards: Historic perspective of Vietnam's indigenous 
	people. Spartanburg, SC: Montagnard Foundation, Inc.
	Retrieved April 17, 2000, from http://www.montagnards.org/
        STMP-MFI-History.html

Web page with no author, no date:

Eastern Equine Encephalitis. (n.d.). Retrieved August 8, 2000, 
	from http://www.astdhpphe.org/infect/equine.html

        NOTE:  Many web sites will have no indication of author, publication date, or place.

Article from a commercial database (such as EBSCOhost, Lexis Nexis Academic Universe, or FirstSearch) available via www and provided as a subscription service from your library:

Bass, J. (2000). Beyond the Bay of Pigs: The Cuban Volunteer 
	Program and the reorientation of anti-Castroism. 
	The Historian, 62, 357-374. Retrieved May 10, 2000, from 
	FirstSearch WilsonSelect database.

Rose, G. (1998). The exit strategy delusion. Foreign Affairs, 77,
	56+. Retrieved October 17, 2001, from EBSCOhost Academic 
	Search Premier database.

Tyack, D. (1999). Choice options. American Prospect, 42, 61+. 
	Retrieved April 17, 2000, from Lexis-Nexis Academic 
	Universe database.

        NOTE:  In the above examples, the retrieval statement gives the date of retrieval and the database name.
The Reference Librarians can assist you in identifying the names of the databases.

Article from an online journal or newspaper:

Baldessarini, R. & Tohen, M. (2000). Maintenance treatment in 
	bipolar disorder. Archives of General Psychiatry, 57(5).  
	Retrieved May 30, 2000, from http://archpsyc.ama-assn.org/
	issues/v57n5/full/ycm9492.html

Freudenheim, M. (2001, October 16). High cost of being well:  
	Benefits at a premium. New York Times. Retrieved 
	October 18, 2001, from http://www.nytimes.com