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The Modern Language Association (MLA) has developed standardized methods of citing sources for research. The MLA has also formulated guidelines for citing electronic sources. The list of sources at the end of the text is called Works Cited.
Basic citation format:
Author's Last Name, First Name. "Title of work." Article's original source and publication date: page numbers. Product name. Publisher. Date researcher visited site. <Electronic Address, or URL, of the source>.
For example:
Tator, Charles, James D. Carson, and Robert Cushman. "Hockey injuries of the spine in Canada, 1966- 1996." CMAJ: Canadian Medical Association Journal Vol.162 Issue 6, 03/21/2000, 787. Available from Academic Search Elite [database on-line]. Accessed 15 November 2000. <http://search.epnet.com>.
Instead of footnotes or endnotes, the author's last name and a shortened version of the title are place in parentheses within the body of the text.
For example: (Tator, Carson, and Cushman, 787).
The examples shown above are basic examples of the MLA style. For more information on electronic reference formats recommended by the Modern Language Association, see the MLA Handbook for Writers of Research Papers (1999) or the MLA Style Manual and Guide to Scholarly Publishing (1998). Basic information on MLA Style is available at www.mla.org.
Always consult your library resources for the exact formatting and punctuation guidelines.
The American Psychological Association (APA) has also developed standardized methods for citing sources used in research. The APA has also formulated guidelines for citing electronic sources. The list of sources at the end of the text is called References. The APA method does not use endnotes or footnotes, but instead uses parenthetical citations.
Basic reference format:
Author (date of original source). Article title.
Original source of article, page
numbers. (Retrieved [month day, year,] from [source] database ([name of
database], [item no.
For example:
Tator, C ., Carson, J . D., & Cushman, R. (2000) Hockey injuries of the spine in Canada, 1966 - 1996. CMAJ: Canadian Medical Association Journal, 162(6), 787+. Retrieved November 15, 2000, from EBSCOhost database (Academic Search Elite) on the World Wide Web: http://search.epnet.com.
Instead of footnote or endnote, the author's last name and the publication year (original source/date of visit to site) are placed in parentheses within the body of the text.
For example: (Tator, Carson & Cushman, 2000)
The examples shown above are basic examples of the APA style. For more information, see the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association (4th ed .). For more information on electronic reference formats recommended by the American Psychological Association, see www.apa.org /journals/ webref.html.
Always consult your library resources for the exact formatting and punctuation guidelines.
The Chicago Manual of Style is used by professional authors and editors. Two styles of documentation are presented: the documentary-note (humanities) style and the author-date style. The documentary-note style uses notes for citations and includes a bibliography. The author-date style uses parenthetical citations in the text and a list of bibliographic references.
Because the Chicago Manual does not provide explicit instructions on documenting Internet sources, the basic guidelines must be adapted to accommodate electronic references.
Basic bibliography entry format:
Author. "Article title." Original source of article, date of original source, page numbers. Product the article is available on; URL of specific article (Location of site publisher, publisher, date of visit to site).
For example:
Tator, Charles, James D. Carson and Robert Cushman. "Hockey injuries of the spine in Canada, 1966-1996." CMAJ: Canadian Medical Association Journal Vol.162 Issue 6, 03/21/2000, 787. Available from Academic Search Elite [database on-line]; http:// search.epnet.com (Boston, MA.: EBSCO Publishing, accessed 15 November 2000).
Basic footnote format:
Number of footnote Author, Article Title, date of Internet publication, URL or other retrieval information (date of access), text division (if applicable).
For example:
1Charles H.Tator , James D. Carson and Robert Cushman, “Hockey Injuries of the spine in Canada, 1966 - 1996, CMAJ: Canadian Medical Association Journal Vol. 162 Issue 6, 03/21/2000, 787.
The examples shown above are basic examples of the Chicago style. For more information, see the Chicago Manual of Style (14th edition). For more information on Chicago Style, see http:// www.press.uchicago.edu / Misc /Chicago/ cmosfaq.html
Always consult your library resources for the exact formatting and punctuation guidelines.
A system of writing term papers, theses, and dissertations developed by Kate L Turabian . The list of sources at the end of the text is called a Bibliography. Footnotes are placed at the end of the page.
Basic bibliography entry format:
Author. "Article title." Original source of article, date of original source, page numbers. Product the article is available on; URL of specific article (Location of site publisher, publisher, date of visit to site).
For example:
Tator , Charles, James D. Carson and Robert Cushman . "Hockey injuries of the spine in Canada, 1966- 1996." CMAJ : Canadian Medical Association Journal Vol.162 Issue 6, 03/21/2000, 787. Available from Academic Search Elite [database on-line]; http://search.epnet.com (Boston, MA.: EBSCO Publishing, accessed 15 November 2000).
Basic footnote format:
Number of footnote Author, "Article title," Original source of article, date of original source, page numbers, product the article is available on; URL of specific article (Location of site publisher: publisher, date of visit to site).
1
Charles H.
Tator , James D.
Carson, and Robert
Cushman , "Hockey
injuries of the spine in Canada, 1966
The examples shown above are basic examples of the Turabian style. For more information on recommended reference formats, see A Manual for Writers of Term Papers, Theses, and Dissertations, Sixth Edition.
Always consult your library resources for the exact formatting and punctuation guidelines.