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MEDLINE This information comes from EbscoHost database. |
Welcome to the MEDLINE Database Information Screen! To find what you are looking for, browse the topics listed below.
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MEDLINE
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There are a number of helpful tips and hints you can use to improve your search results. For example, you can use Boolean operators to link terms together; limit the search to a specific title; and/or restrict the search to a particular date range.
Many two letter abbreviations or words are stopwords or are used as search tags and may not search properly unless your search string is enclosed in quotation marks. Example: TA "Am Fam Physician."
Note: Stopwords are commonly used words such as articles, pronouns, and prepositions. These words are not indexed for searching in the database. For example, 'the', 'for', and 'of' are stopwords. When a stopword is used in a query, any single word or no word is retrieved in place of the stopword.
Sometimes a search can be overly general (results equal too many hits) or overly specific (results equal too few hits). To fine-tune your search, you can use AND, OR, and NOT operators to link your search words together. These operators will help you narrow or broaden your search to more precisely retrieve the information you need.
USING THE "AND" OPERATOR: If you have a search term that is too general, you can append several terms together using "AND". By combining key terms, you can further define your search and reduce the number of results. Note: Unless you define a specific search field, the result list will contain references where all your search terms are located in either the citation, full display or full text.
• For example, type liver AND kidney, to find only articles which reference both liver and kidney.
USING THE "OR" OPERATOR: To broaden a search, link terms together by using the "OR" operator. By using "OR" to combine your terms you will find documents on many topics. Linked by this operator, your words are searched simultaneously and independently of each other.
• As an example, search liver AND kidney OR transplant to find results that contain either the terms "liver" and "kidney", or the term "transplant".
USING THE "NOT" OPERATOR: To narrow a search, you can link words together by using the "NOT" operator. This operator will help you to filter out specific topics you do not wish included as part of your search.
Parentheses also may be used to control a search query. Without parentheses, a search is executed from left to right. Words that you enclose in parentheses are searched first. Why is this important? Parentheses allow you to control and define the way the search will be executed. The left phrase in parentheses is searched first; then based upon those results the second phrase in parentheses is searched.
Generalized Search: heart or lung and blood or oxygen Focused Search: (heart or lung) and (blood or oxygen)
In the first example, the search will retrieve everything on "heart" as well as references to the terms "lung" and "blood", and everything on "oxygen".
In the second example, we have used the parentheses to control our query to only find articles about heart or lung that reference blood or oxygen.
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Using the entry date field tag (em), you can retrieve citations added to MEDLINE (or PreMEDLINE) at a specific time. To search the most current articles of the database, the entry date field code is essential. Date format can be YYYYMM or YYYYMMDD. For example,
• Type: hospice care and em 20010126
In the example above, the entry date will produce only results concerning hospice care entered into the database on April 26, 2001. Note: you can use a hyphen to indicate an open-ended date range. Entering a hyphen either before or after an entry date will find results "on or before" or "on or after" the date entered.
Here are some possible date searches:
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The default fields for unqualified searches consist of the following: PubMED ID, Registry Number, Registry Word, MeSH Terms, Title, Abstract, Other Abstract, Author, Author Affiliation, Personal Name, Transliterated Title, Contributed indexing fields (Indexing agency, Local ID, Investigator, Space Flight Mission, Keyword owner, General Note, Non-Mesh Heading). The expander "Also search within the full text of the articles" searches the TX tag
The following list will help you locate detailed information using field tags.
Tag Description Example
AA Abstract Available AA Y
[Phrase Indexed]
Limits a search to citations
that have an abstract; over
70% of the citations include
abstracts.
AB Abstract AB hospice
[Word Indexed]
Searches for words in the
abstract.
AF Author Address AF Harvard
[Word Indexed] Medical
Institution of affiliation or
address of the first author.
AN PMID - PubMed Unique Identifier AN 10581036
[Phrase Indexed]
Searches the unique number assigned
to each PubMed citation. (PMID will
be replacing the MEDLINE UI).
AU Author AU Moore
[Word Indexed] or
Searches personal author name in Au Moore RJ
the format last name followed by
one or more initials. First names
and uncorrected author names
are searchable if supplied.
CA Corporate Author CA Child
[Word Indexed] Health
Searches the name of the corporate
author if the document was not
authored by individuals.
CD Date Completed CD 20001207
[Numeric Indexed] or
Searches the final processing date CD 001207
of a citation in YYYYMMDD or YYMMDD
format.
CM Comments CM cancer
[Word Indexed]
Searches for information provided
in the Comments field.
CT Check Tag CT Female
[Phrase Indexed]
Searches headings that specify
particular aspects such as gender
and animal. Values consist of the
following:
Animals
Female
Humans
Male
CW Word in Major Subject Heading CW life
[Word Indexed]
Searches for the term specified
within the major MeSH headings in
the MeSH Terms field.
CY Country of Publication CY France
[Word Indexed]
Searches the country in which the
journal was published.
DH MeSH_Headings DH hypnosis
[Phrase Indexed]
Searches for the term specified
in the major or minor MeSH headings
within the MeSH Terms field.
DM Major MeSH Heading DM Directed Tissue
[Phrase Indexed] Donation
Searches for phrase in the major
MeSH headings within the MeSH Terms
field.
DT Date of Publication DT 20000309
[Numeric Indexed] or
Searches the publication date DT 000309
of the citation in YYYYMMDD or
YYMMDD format. See also the
'PD' tag.
EM Date Created EM 20001122
[Numeric Indexed] or
Searches the date of entry of EM 001122
a citation into the database in
in YYYYMMDD or YYMMDD format.
GI Grant Information GI NIH
[Word Indexed]
Searches for grant or contract
numbers, grant abbreviation or
institute acronym.
GS Gene Symbol GS "1(3)dco-1"
[Phrase Indexed]
Searches the symbol or abbreviated
form of the gene name as reported
in the original document; this field
appears in MEDLINE citations from
1990-1995.
IP Issue/Part/Supplement IP 5
[Word Indexed]
Searches the Issue/Part/Supplement
of a serial publication.
IS ISSN IS 0942-8925
[Phrase Indexed] or
Searches the exact International IS 09428925
Standard Serial Number; can be
searched with or without the dash.
JC Journal Code JC 9877130
[Word Indexed]
NLM Unique ID is replacing the
MEDLINE ID journal code.
Searches the NLM-assigned
unique ID number.
JN Journal Name JN Harvard Health Letter
[Phrase Indexed] or
Searches the abbreviation or full JN Harv Health Lett
name for a journal. Enclose your
terms in quotation marks when
searching strings that contain
stopwords or two letter search tags.
LA Language LA Fre
[Word Indexed] or
Searches the language in which the LA French
citation was published; either the
3-letter code or the language can
be searched. Values consist of the
following:
Afr - Afrikaans
Ara - Arabic
Arm - Armenian
Bul - Bulgarian
Cat - Catalan
Chi - Chinese
Cze - Czech
Dan - Danish
Dut - Dutch
Eng - English
Fin - Finnish
Fre - French
Ger - German
Gre - Greek, Modern (1453- )
Heb - Hebrew
Hun - Hungarian
Ita - Italian
Jpn - Japanese
Kor - Korean
Mul - Multiple languages
Norwegian - Norwegian
Per - Persian
Pol - Polish
Por - Portuguese
Rum - Romanian
Rus - Russian
Scc - Serbian
Scr - Croatian
Slo - Slovak
Slv - Slovenian
Spa - Spanish
Swe - Swedish
LR Latest Revision Date LR 20001218
[Numeric Indexed] or
Searches the date a change was LR 200012
made to a record in YYYYMMDD or
YYYYMM format.
MW Word in Subject Heading MW Virus
[Word Indexed]
Searches words in MeSH headings;
searches both major and minor
heading words. May use qualifier
words.
MH Exact Subject Heading MH Osteoporosis
[Phrase Indexed]
Searches the exact MESH subject
heading; searches both major
and minor headings.
MJ Word in Major Subject Heading MJ breast neoplasms/genetics
[Word Indexed]
Searches words in the MESH subject
headings. May use qualifiers words.
MM Exact Major Subject Heading MM Bone Density
[Phrase Indexed]
Searches the exact MeSH heading as
major concept of the article.
MS Molecular Sequence MS "GENBANK AF056978"
[Word Index]
Searches the organizational acronym
and/or unique identifiers of molecular
sequences.
NP Named Person NP Curie
[Word Indexed]
Searches personal names for an
individual who is the subject of
an article in the format last name
followed by one or more initials.
First names are searchable if
supplied (2002+ only).
Searches personal author name in
the format last name followed by
one or more initials. First names
are searchable if supplied
(2002+ only).
PD Publication Date (Text) PD 2000 Mar
[Word Indexed] or
Searches the publication date PD 2000 Jul 31
(year, month or season, day) of or
the citation in text format, i.e. PD 2000 Fall
See also the 'DT' tag.
PG Pagination PG 29
[Word Indexed] or
Searches first, last, or page PG 41
range of an article. See also or
the 'ST' tag. PG 29-41
PM PMID - PubMed Unique Identifier PM 10581036
[Phrase Indexed]
Searches the unique number assigned
to each PubMed citation. (This number
is replacing the MEDLINE UI).
PT Publication Type PT letter
[Phrase Indexed]
Searches the type of publication
the article represents; values
consist of the following:
-- Addresses
-- Bibliography
-- Biography
-- Classical Article [for republished seminal
articles]
-- Clinical Conference [for reports of
clinical case conferences only]
-- Clinical Trial [includes all types and phases
of clinical trials]
-- Clinical Trial, Phase I
-- Clinical Trial, Phase II
-- Clinical Trial, Phase III
-- Clinical Trial, Phase IV
-- Comment [for comment on previously published
article]
-- Congresses
-- Consensus Development Conference
-- Consensus Development Conference, NIH
-- Controlled Clinical Trial
-- Corrected and Republished Article
[consider Published Erratum]
-- Dictionary
-- Directory
-- Duplicate Publication [duplication of material
published elsewhere]
-- Editorial
-- Evaluation Studies
-- Festschrift [for commemorative articles]
-- Government Publications
-- Guideline [for administrative, procedural
guidelines in general]
-- Historical Article [for articles about past
events]
-- Interview
-- Journal Article [excludes Letter, Editorial,
News, etc.]
-- Lectures
-- Legal Cases [includes law review, legal case
study]
-- Legislation
-- Letter [includes letters to editor]
-- Meta-Analysis [quantitative summary combining
results of independent studies]
-- Multicenter Study
-- News [for medical or scientific news]
-- Newspaper Article
-- Overall [collection of articles; consider
Meeting Report]
-- Patient Education Handout
-- Periodical Index [for cumulated indexes to
journals]
-- Practice Guideline [for specific health care
guidelines]
-- Published Erratum [consider Corrected and
Republished Article]
-- Randomized Controlled Trial
-- Retraction of Publication [author's statement
of retraction]
-- Retracted Publication [article later retracted
by author]
-- Review [includes all reviews; consider specific
types]
-- Review, Academic [comprehensive, critical, or
analytical review]
-- Review Literature [general review article;
consider other reviews]
-- Review, Multicase [review with epidemiological
applications]
-- Review of Reported Cases [review of known cases
of a disease]
-- Review, Tutorial [broad review for non-specialist
or student]
-- Scientific Integrity Review [U.S. Office of
Scientific Integrity reports]
-- Technical Report
-- Twin Study [for studies of twins]
-- Validation Studies
RN CAS Registry Number RN 52645-53-1
[Word Indexed] or
Searches the CAS registry number RN EC 1.3.99.1
or Enzyme Commission number for a
compound. Registry Numbers appear
with hyphens, and EC Numbers appear
in the format EC 1.3.99.1.
RV Review Articles RV technical report
[Phrase Indexed]
Searches for different
specific review types.
RW Registry Number Word RW proteins
[Word Indexed]
Searches for a compound mentioned
in an article.
SB Subset SB D
[Phrase Indexed]
Searches a specific subset.
Values consist of the following:
X AIDS (1980 - 2000)
Q Bioethics
B Biotechnology Journals (1990 - 1998)
C Communication Disorders Journals (1977 - 1997)
AIM Core Clinical (AIM)
K Consumer Health
D Dentistry
H Health Administration
T Health Technology
Q History of Medicine
IM MEDLINE
N Nursing
OM OLDMEDLINE
R Population Journals (1972 - 1979)
S Space Life Sciences
In Process
PubMed not MEDLINE
SO Source SO Preventive Cardiology
[Word Indexed]
Searches the abbreviation or full
name for a journal. Enclose your
terms in quotation marks when searching
strings that contain stopwords or two
letter search tags.
ST Start Page ST 29
[Phrase Indexed]
Searches the start page of an article.
See also the 'PG' tag.
SU Subject SU fringe benefits
[Word Indexed]
Searches words in the MeSH terms field,
Keywords and Non-Mesh Headings from Contributed
Indexing for Non-mesh display
TA Journal Title Abbreviation TA N Engl J Med
[Phrase Indexed]
Searches the exact journal title
abbreviation. Enclose your terms in
quotation marks when searching strings
that contain stopwords or two letter
search tags.
Note: EBM Reviews checkbox limiter searches
the string TA(Cochrane Database Syst Rev or
ACP J Club or Clin Evid or Evid Based Ment
Health or Evid Based Nurs or Evid Rep Technol Assess*)
TI Title TI impairment
[Word Indexed]
Searches words in the title of
the article.
TT Transliterated Title TT cardiaque
[Word Indexed]
Searches words in the original
foreign-language title of an article.
TX All Text TX lucid dreaming
[Word Indexed]
Searches for keyword(s) in all indexed
fields.
Fields consist of the following:
PubMED ID
Registry Number
Registry Word
MeSH Terms
Title
Abstract
Author
Author Affiliation
Personal Name
Transliterated Title
MeSH Terms
Other Source ID
Keyword
ISSN
Journal Title Abbreviation
Language Abbreviation
Language name
Citation subset
Gene symbol
Date of Publication
Publication Type
Comments
Country
Grant list
Databank list
Corporate Author
Journal Title number
Electronic publication
Journal Title
Indexing agency
Investigator
Space Flight Mission
Keyword owner
General Note
Non-Mesh Heading
Local Abstract
UI Unique Identifier
[Phrase Indexed]
MEDLINE UI is no longer part of
MEDLINE data. Please use PMID.
A MEDLINE UI/PubMed ID Matcher utility
is available online at http:/eutils.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/publisher/uidpmid.cgi/
VI Volume VI 56
[Word Indexed]
Searches the volume number of a
publication.
YR Year YR 2001
[Numeric Indexed]
Searches the year of publication
in YYYY format.
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The following table explains the contents of each field in a MEDLINE record's detailed display (not all fields are listed in every record).
Field Name Description
Title The English language title of an article.
Transliterated The title of a foreign language article in the
Title original language.
Author(s) Author names in format last name followed by one
or more initials, or first name (when supplied).
Corporate Corporate author or group names with authorship
Author(s) responsibility.
Author's Address Institution of affiliation or address of the first
author.
Source Source information includes the journal title, journal
title abbreviation, date of publication (format varies),
volume, issue/part/supplement, and pagination.
Publication Type The type of publication as assigned by NLM indexers
to describe the article.
Language The language(s) of publication of an article.
Journal Info This field includes the following: Country of Publication;
NLM ID; ISSN; and Subsets.
Country: The country of publication of the journal.
NLM ID: National Library of Medicine Unique ID number
ISSN: International Standard Serial Number of the journal.
Subset: The journal subset code assigned to specific subsets
of journals.
MeSH Terms Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) used by indexers at
the NLM to describe the content of an article.
Major headings or subheadings are identified by an
asterisk (*).
Click the headings to search that term. Click the qualifers
to search the headings/qualifer combination.
Note: PreMEDLINE records, also called 'in process'
records, have not been assigned MeSH headings.
Personal Name A named individual who is the subject of biographical
as Subject information, an obituary, or an entire article.
Abstract A short summary written by the author and taken directly
from the published article. There are no abstracts for
records published before 1975.
Numner of The number of bibliographic references listed in the
References published article.
Comments A cross reference between an article and subsequent
comments about the article. May include the PMID of
referenced article.
Grant Grant or contract numbers, grant abbreviation, and
Information institute acronym that designates financial support
by any agency of the US PHS (Public Health Service).
Contributed Medline now includes unique records contributed by
Indexing select agencies. May include Indexing Agency; Local
ID #; Investigator; Space Flight Mission; Keywords;
Note and Local Abstracts. OLDMEDLINE records will
contain Non-Mesh Heading that are not part of the
Mesh authority.
Gene Symbol The symbol or abbreviated form of the gene name as
reported in the article; this field was entered into
MEDLINE from 1991-1995.
Molecular Identifies a secondary source that supplies information,
Sequence e.g., other data sources, databanks, and accession
numbers of molecular sequences discussed in articles.
CAS Registry # The Chemical Abstracts Service registry number or the
Enzyme Commission number for a compound mentioned in an
article; the generic compound name may be included.
This field was added to MEDLINE in 1980.
Entry Date(s) Date Created is the date processing began, the date
of entry by NLM. Date Completed is the date
processing ended, or the date of entry into MEDLINE.
Latest Revision is the date the record was
most recently revisied In-process records
will contain a Date Created but not a Date Completed.
Citation ID(s) PMID is the primary unique number assigned to each
PubMed citation.
[back to top][Searchable Fields]
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MeSH is the National Library of Medicine's controlled vocabulary thesaurus. Each bibliographic reference is associated with a set of MeSH terms that are assigned to describe the content of an article. There are more than 19,000 main headings in MeSH, as well as thousands of cross-references that assist in finding the most appropriate MeSH heading. MeSH terms are arranged in a hierarchy, or "tree structure", that permits searching at various levels of detail from the most general level to more narrow levels to find the most precise terms. MeSH is updated annually by subject specialists at the NLM.
MeSH records include indexing annotations, tree numbers, scope notes, entry vocabulary, history notes, and allowable qualifiers. MeSH headings can be exploded to retrieve all references indexed to that term as well as all references indexed to any narrower term(s). Searches can also be limited to Major Headings where MeSH headings indicate the main focus of an article. Searches can also be qualified with specific subheadings to improve the precision of your search. Subheadings and their abbreviations are listed below:
Subheading Abbreviation Subheading Abbreviation Abnormalities AB Manpower MA Administration and AD Metabolism ME Dosage Methods MT Adverse Effects AE Microbiology MI Agonists AG Mortality MO Analogs and Derivatives AA Nursing NU Analysis AN Organization and OG Anatomy and Histology AH Administration Antagonists and AI Parasitology PS Inhibitors Biosynthesis BI Pathogenicity PY Blood Supply BS Pathology PA Blood BL Pharmacokinetics PK Cerebrospinal Fluid CF Pharmacology PD Chemical Synthesis CS Physiology PH Chemically Induced CI Physiopathology PP Chemistry CH Poisoning PO Classification CL Prevention and PC Complications CO Control Congenital CN Psychology PX Contraindications CT Radiation Effects RE Cytology CY Radiography RA Deficiency DF Radionuclide Imaging RI Diagnosis DI Radiotherapy RT Diagnostic Use DU Rehabilitation RH Diet Therapy DH Secondary SC Drug Effects DE Secretion SE Drug Therapy DT Standards ST Economics EC Statistics and SN Education ED Numerican Data Embryology EM Supply and SD Enzymology EN Distribution Epidemiology EP Surgery SU Ethnology EH Therapeutic Use TU Etiology ET Therapy TH Genetics GE Toxicity TO Growth and Development GD Transmission TM History HI Transplantation TR Immunology IM Trends TD Injuries IN Ultrasonography US Innervation IR Ultrastructure UL Instrumentation IS Urine UR Isolation and IP Utilization UT Purification Veterinary VE Legislation and LJ Virology VI Jurisprudence
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The publication authority file is an alphabetical list of the journal titles included in this database. Any journal found in the product's data will be listed in this authority file. As a result, any exclusive search of a journal in this list is guaranteed to create results.;
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Index browsing allows the user to view all values that occur in specified fields in a database, along with corresponding hit counts. Access the index browse feature by clicking the green "Indexes" button on the upper portion of the search screen. Use the drop-down menu to choose an index to browse. Indexes can also be searched using tags. Since browsable indexes are phrase indexed, the exact form and spelling of terms as they appear in the database must be used in conjunction with the tags when entering a search manually. Indexes available for browsing in the Medline database are listed below. Tags for all fields included in the index browse feature begin with "Z" (e.g. "ZA" for Author).
ZG Age Related ZQ Animals ZA Author ZF Author Affiliation ZH CAS Registry Number ZO Corporate Author ZY Country ZX Gender ZM Gene Symbol ZK Humans/Animals ZI ISSN ZY Journal Name ZL Language ZE Mesh Headings (Major) ZP Named Person ZC PMID ZT Publication Type ZU Subjects (all) ZS Subset ZR Year of Publication
MEDLINE is composed of several types of information including citations, abstracts and indexing. Copyright is owned by the National Library of Medicine. This database is intended solely for the use of the individual patron of the licensing party.
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