Material Covered: Thorax and Abdomen

Use the following letters to indicate your answer:

A: Only I is true
B: Only II is true
C: Both are true
D: Both are false

        II. The internal intercostal muscles cover the posterior surface of the intercostal
            veins, arteries and nerves.
 

2.     I. The subclavian vein as it passes through the thoracic inlet is anterior to the
            subclavian artery.

       II. The subclavian vein runs anterior to the anterior scalene muscle.
 

3.     I. Thyrocervical arteries originate from the subclavian arteries.

       II. The vagus nerves run medial to the phrenic nerves and anterior to the subclavian
            arteries.
 

4.     I. The diaphragm of the thoracic outlet is connected to the costal cartilage of ribs
            7-10 as well as L1 and L2 vertebrae.

       II. The right crus of the aortic hiatus is longer than the left crus.  Both attach to
            lumbar vertebra.
 

5.     I. The vena cava foramen in the diaphragm is located to the right of the body midline.

       II. The motor neurons of the phrenic nerves are located at C3, C4 and C5.  C4 is the
            most important level.  The phrenic nerves also carry sensory information from the
            diaphragm.
 

6.     I. The superior mediastinum contains the thoracic duct, trachea, esophagus, left and
            right common carotid arteries and left and right vagus nerves.

         II. The lungs can be found in the middle mediastinum.
 

7.     I. A portion of the parietal pericardium of the heart is fused directly to the central
            tendon of the diaphragm.

       II. The epicardium is a continuation of the parietal pericardium at the base of the heart.
 

8.     I. The first major vessel branching from the aortic arch, i.e., the vessel closest to the
            ascending aorta, is the brachiocephalic artery.

       II. The superior vena cava is anterior to the right pulmonary artery.
 

9.     I. The coronary sinus enters the heart on the posterior side of the heart left of the
            inferior vena cava.

       II. The middle cardiac vein can be found in the posterior interventricular sulcus.
 

10.     I. The circumflex artery arises from the right coronary artery.

         II. Four pulmonary veins enter the left atrium.
 

11.     I. Chordae tendineae are fibrous cords that attach the papillary muscle to the
            semilunar heart valves.

         II. The interventricular septum is fibrous tissue in its inferior one third.
 

12.     I. Both AV valves of the heart are posterior to the aortic valve.

         II. The left AV valve is bicuspid and the right AV valve is tricuspid.
 

13.     I. The left coronary artery leaves the base of the ascending aorta posterior to
            the pulmonary valve.

         II. The coronary artery branching pattern varies among the population.
            About half the population is considered "right dominant" coronary artery
            branching pattern.  This means that, in those people, the right coronary
            artery is the main blood supply to the posterior wall of the left ventricle.
 

14.     I. The great cardiac vein can be found in the anterior interventricular sulcus.

        II. Veins found on the right ventricle empty directly into the chamber of the heart.
 

15.     I. The heart beat originates in the atrioventricular node, which is specialize
            cardiac muscle tissue and is located in the right atrium.

         II. The terminal branches of the bundle of His are the Purkinje fibers.
 

16.     I. Cardiac nerves are made of both parasympathetic and sympathetic fibers.
            The sympathetic input can induce tachycardia.

         II. The pulmonary valve is located at the left third costosternal junction and
            can be best ausculated at the left third intercostal space.
 

17.     I. The apex of the heart is at the level of the left fifth intercostal space.

         II. The left recurrent laryngeal nerve branches off the vagus nerve and
            loops under the left subclavian artery.
 

18.     I. The descending esophagus eventually turns toward the right side of the
            body as it penetrates the diaphragm.

         II. The superior one third of the esophagus is composed of skeletal muscle.
 

19.     I. The esophagus is constricted at the bifurcation of the trachea.

         II. The right but not the left vagus nerve sends fibers to the esophageal plexus.
 

20.     I. The hemiazygos vein drains the right inferior thoracic region.

         II. The azygos vein passes through the esophageal hiatus and drains into the
            superior vena cava.
 

21.     I. The thoracic duct receives lymphatic drainage from the left upper extremity
            and left side of the face.

         II. The internal ridge found at the bifurcation of the trachea is called the carina.
 

22.     I. If a marble goes into the trachea, the odds are greater that it will be lodged in
            the left primary bronchus as opposed to the right primary bronchus.

         II. The apex of both lungs projects above the first rib about an inch.
 

23.     I. Bronchial arteries are unusual in that they carry deoxygenated blood to the
            bronchopulmonary segments.

         II. The apical and posterior bronchopulmonary segments of the right lung are
            usually fused.
 

24.     I. The parietal pleura of the thoracic cavity is another term for the endothoracic fascia.

         II. Pneumothorax is the clinical condition of too much fluid in the pleural cavity
            of the lungs.
 

25.     I. Elevation of ribs 2 through 6 along the anterior to posterior axis results in the
            so called "pump handle" movement.  As the ribs are elevated they pull on
            the sternum, which causes the sternum to swing superior and anterior thus
            increasing the anterior to posterior axis.

         II. In adults, external intercostal muscles are considered to be muscles of
            inspiration.
 

26.     I. The aponeuroses of the transverse abdominis muscle contributes to the
             conjoint tendon.

         II. The psoas muscle attaches to both the transverse processes of T12-L5
            and the greater trochanter of the femur bone.
 

27.     I. The endo-abdominal fascia forms the innermost layer of the spermatic cord.

         II. The aponeuroses of the internal and external oblique muscles can be
            found anterior to the rectus abdominis muscle.
 

28.    I. The tendinous intersections of the rectus abdominis muscle attach to the anterior
            aponeurosis of the transversus abdominis muscle.

         II. There is no posterior leaf of the rectus abdominis muscle below the anterior
            superior iliac spine.
 

29.     I. The cremaster muscle is an extension of the external abdominal oblique muscle.

         II. The aponeurosis of the internal abdominal oblique muscle contributes to both the
            anterior and posterior leaf of the rectus abdominis sheath.
 

30.     I. The internal abdominal oblique muscle is attached posteriorly to the
            thoracolumbar aponeurosis.

         II. The conjoint tendon is formed by the fusion of the internal and external
            abdominal oblique muscles.
 

31.     I. The external and internal abdominal oblique muscles or aponeurosis, but not
            the transverse abdominis, contribute to the spermatic cord.

         II. The linea semilunaris can be found lateral to the rectus abdominis muscle.
 

32.     I. The deep inguinal ring is formed by the spermatic cord penetrating the
            aponeurosis of the transversus abdominis muscle.

         II. The superficial inguinal ring is formed by the spermatic cord penetrating
            the external oblique aponeurosis.
 

33.     I. The deep inferior epigastric artery, which is a branch from the internal
            iliac artery, is medial to the deep inguinal ring.

         II. The femoral artery is lateral to the spermatic cord.
 

34.     I. The femoral vein is medial to the femoral artery in the vascular lacuna.

         II. The femoral nerve is lateral to the iliopectineal arch.
 

35.     I. The inguinal triangle is bounded laterally by the lateral border of the rectus
            abdominis muscle.

         II. The floor of the inguinal triangle is formed by the transversalis fascia.
 

36.     I. The folds of the interior lining of the stomach are called the plica circulares.

         II. The cranial horizontal region of the duodenum is the first part of the
            small intestines.
 

37.     I. The ligamentum teres hepatis can be found in the superior edge of the
            falciform ligament.

         II. The quadrate lobe of the liver is right of the falciform ligament.
 

38.     I. The caudate lobe of the liver is posterior to the porta hepatis.

         II. The caudate lobe of the liver is considered functionally to be part of
            the left lobe.
 

39.     I. The walls of the jejunum are thicker that the walls of the ileum.

         II. The cecum is located in the lower right quadrant of the abdomen and is
        where the ileum joins the colon.
 

40.      I. Taenia coli are fat filled sacs of the peritoneum located on the colon.

         II. Haustrations are sacculations found in the large intestines and rectum.
 

41.     I. The common hepatic and the main pancreatic duct empty into the duodenum
           distal to where the accessory pancreatic duct empties into the duodenum.

         II. The tail of the pancreas can be found left of the duodenum.
 

42.     I. The right gastric artery is a branch off the celiac artery.

         II. The left gastric artery is a branch off the splenic artery.
 

43.     I. The cystic artery is a branch off the left hepatic artery.

         II. Blood passes through the hepatic proper artery en route to the greater
            curvature of the stomach.
 

44.     I. The dorsal pancreatic artery branches off the splenic artery.

         II. The following is an anastomotic path between the celiac artery and the superior
            mesenteric artery:  celiac --> common hepatic --> gastroduodenal -->
            superior pancreaticoduodenal --> inferior pancreaticoduodenal -->
            superior mesenteric.
 

45.     I. The vasa recta to the ileum are shorter than those going to the jejunum.

         II. Intestinal arteries branching off the superior mesenteric artery supply the
            descending colon.
 

46.     I. The left colic artery, which is a branch off the inferior mesenteric artery,
            supplies blood to the ascending colon.

         II. Blood passing through the inferior mesenteric artery will supply part of the
            transverse colon.
 

47.     I. The inferior rectal artery is a branch off the internal iliac artery.

         II. The superior, middle and inferior rectal arteries, which are paired, i.e.,
            bilateral vessels, supply the superior, middle and inferior regions of the rectum.
 

48.     I. The inferior and superior mesenteric veins join to form the hepatic portal vein.

         II. The inferior mesenteric vein drains the sigmoid colon.
 

49.     I. The anterior vagal trunk carries fibers mostly from the left vagus nerve.

        II. Lumbar splanchnic nerves carry both sympathetic and parasympathetic fibers.
 

50.     I. The hepatoduodenal ligament is the free border of the lesser omentum and
            contains the proper hepatic artery and proper hepatic vein and common bile duct.

         II. The lesser omentum is a two layer part of the peritoneum that is attached to
            the lesser curvature of the stomach and inferior region of the liver.