Material Covered: Reproduction, Digestive System and Urinary System

Use the following letters to indicate your answer:

A: Only I is true
B: Only II is true
C: Both are true
D: Both are false

         II. Sildenafil inhibits PDE5, which results in elevated levels of cGMP, therefore
            abetting the maintenance of penile erection.
 

2.     I.  Spermiogenesis is the cytological transformation of spermatids to sperm.

       II. In addition to secreting testosterone, sertoli cells serve to provide a blood testis barrier.
 

3.     I.  The process of transforming spermatogonia to  mature sperm takes about 30 days.

        II. Leydig cells secrete androgen binding protein which bind testosterone and increase
            its concentration.
 

4.     I.  The basal compartment of the seminiferous tubules contain spermatogonia and primary
            spermatocytes.

        II. LH stimulates the production of testosterone, which in turn stimulates sertoli cells
            to produce inhibin.
 

5.     I.  The epithelium of the prostatic urethra is stratified or pseudostratified columnar.

        II. Following ejaculation sympathetic innervation relaxes the constricted muscles around
            the deep dorsal vein, allowing blood to exit the erectile tissue thereby ending the erection.
 

6.     I. The submucosal glands of the prostate are closest to the prostatic urethra.

       II. Most of the fluid produced in the seminiferous tubules is absorbed in the straight tubules.
 

7.     I.  Blood vessels are found in the basement membrane and theca layer of the growing
            ovarian follicle.

        II.  Right before ovulation, the oocyte completes its 2nd meiotic division in preparation
            for fertilization.
 

8.     I. It is during the secretory phase of the menstrual cycle that glycogen moves to the apex
            of mucosa cell and is released.

       II. Cervical glands secrete at peak levels around the time of ovulation and this secretion
            is stimulated by estrodiol.
 

9.     I.  LH stimulates theca interna cells to divide and produce an androgen, which diffuses
            to granulosa cells where it is converted to E2.

        II. Right before ovulation, E2 levels drop, initiating the LH surge, which induces the
            ovary to release the oocyte.
 

10.     I.  Progesterone stimulates secretion of uterine glands, inhibits spontaneous contraction
            of uterine musculature and stimulates increase in gonadotropic releasing factors.

         II. Inhibin is a negative feedback factor on the secretion of FSH.
 

11.     I.  FSH is the hormone primarily responsible for the reorganization of the ruptured
            follicle to form the corpus luteum.

         II. Both E2 and FSH stimulate granulosa cells to divide.
 

12.     I.  The epithelium of the fallopian tubes is a mixture of simple cuboidal and columnar
            cells with some secretory cells and some cells with microvilli.

         II. Regarding uterus blood supply, the arcuate artery gives off branches called uterine
            arteries, which in turn give rise to radial arteries.
 

13.     I.  The muscularis layer of the fallopian tubes has an inner circular and outer
            longitudinal layer.

         II. The ampulla region of the fallopian tubes is the normal site of fertilization.
 

14.     I. The epithelium of the vagina, which is stratified squamous non-keratinized, is
            thinnest during the luteal stage of the menstruation cycle.

         II. Vaginal fluid pH drops during the follicular phase because of the conversion
            of glycogen to lactic acid.
 

15.     I. Vaginal labia minora, homologue to the scrotum in the male, is covered with
            stratified squamous epithelium, penetrated by high connective tissue papillae,
            and contains sebaceous glands.

         II. The tubulo-acinar glands of Bartholin secrete mucus during sexual excitation,
            which lubricates the vaginal intoitus, facilitating intercourse.
 

16.     I. Diffuse lymph tissue is found in the mucosa of the vaginal canal most abundantly
            during menses.

         II. During the luteal phase of the menstruation cycle, glycogen moves to the apex
            of the uterine glands and epithelium cells develop progesterone receptors.
 

17.     I.  Epithelium of the alveolar ducts and alveoli is simple cuboidal and low columnar
            while the intralobular ducts are stratified cuboidal or stratified columnar.

          II. During menses, coiled arteries of the uterus constrict for long periods creating
            ischemic conditions that lead to the sloughing off the uterine and cervical mucosa.
 

18.     I. The fat droplets released from secretory cells of the mammary glands are enclosed
            by a plasma membrane.

         II. Prolactin acts on alveolar cells within the mammary to stimulate milk synthesis.
 
 

19.     I. The immunoglobulin IgG found in milk aids the feeding infant in terms of fighting
            possible infections.

         II.  Oxytocin and E2 stimulate myoepithelial cells to contract thereby effecting milk
            secretion during infant feeding.
 

20.     I. During lactation the release of proteins involves merocrine secretion.

         II. Main ducts of the mammary glands open into the nipple and areola where the
            epithelium is stratified squamous.
 

21.     I. During pregnancy, lobulo-alveolar development is stimulated by E2, progesterone,
            GH, cortisol, insulin and human placental lactogin.

         II. Increased levels of progesterone at ovulation can cause the nipples to become tender.
 

22.     I.  Filiform papillae cover the anterior 2/3’s of the dorsal surface of the tongue.

         II. Taste buds can be found in the palate, epiglottis, and pharynx.
 

23.     I. Fungiform papillae are more numerous at the tip of the tongue.

         II. Intercalated ducts found in salivary glands absorb Na+ and secrete K+.
 

24.     I.  The submucosa of the esophagus is CT rich in elastic fibers, contains blood vessels,
            lymphatics, Meissner’s and Auerbach’s plexuses.

         II. Parasympathetic input into the GI tract tends to augment muscle contraction, except
            in some of the sphincters such as the pyloric sphincter.
 

25.     I. Both pre and post ganglionic parasympathetic fibers use acetylcholine as their
            neurotransmitter.

         II. Chief cells of the small intestine secrete proteolytic enzymes that break down proteins.
 

26.     I. Serotonin, produced by GEP cells of the stomach, stimulates smooth muscle
            contraction.

         II. The function of neck mucous cells located in the fundic glands is to regenerate
            the epithelium.
 

27.     I. Gastrin has similar effects on the stomach to parasympathetic input of the autonomic
            nervous system.

         II. Chief cells of the stomach produce pepsinogen, which is converted to pepsin by HCl.
 

28.     I. The epithelial cells of the esophagus does not contain keratin.

         II. The parietal cells pump H+ into the stomach by using a H+/K+ ATPase pump.
            The antacid drug Tagamet inhibits acid production by inhibiting these H+/K+
            ATPase pumps.
 

29.     I. In some patients, taking too much NSAIDS for long periods leads to ulcers formation
            because that class of drug can inhibit mucus secretion by the stomach.

         II. Lipids and acid in the duodenum stimulates the secretion of secretin.  Secretin has
            the same effect as sympathetic stimulation on the stomach in that it inhibits smooth
            muscle contraction.
 

30.     I. Plicae circularis are permanent folds of the small intestine made of the mucosa and
            submucosa layers.

         II. The majority of digestion occurs in the duodenum.
 

31.     I. Paneth cells of the small intestine are located at the base of the crypt and secretes
            lysozyme enzymes.

         II. Short chain fatty acids (less than 10 carbons) enter the capillary in the lamina propria
            and are transported via hepatic vein to the liver.
 

32.     I. The muscularis mucosae of the vermiform appendix is not well developed.

         II. Absorption in the small intestine occurs by active transport, diffusion and pinocytosis.
 

33.     I. Gastric intrinsic factor (GIF) secreted by parietal cells promotes the absorption of
            B12 in the small intestine.

         II. Chylomicrons are re-esterified lipid molecules, i.e., converted to triglycerides,
            with a lipoprotein that pass into the lymphatic system in the small intestines.
 

34.     I.  The tallest villi in the small intestine are located on the jejunum segment.

         II. Peyer’s patches, which are lymph nodules, are found in the ileum segment of the
            small intestine.
 

35.     I. Glucose and amino acids are absorbed in the small intestines by active transport.

         II. The tenia coli, a longitudinal muscle, which runs along the small and large intestine,
            is not present on the vermiform appendix.
 

36.     I.  The secreted contents of the pancreas first enter the interlobular ducts, then to the
            intralobular ducts, the to the main duct which leads to the duodenum.

         II. The exocrine component of the pancreas is mainly a mucus secreting gland, which
            contains important enzymes for digestion.
 

37.     I. Spaces of Disse are the spaces between adjacent hepatocytes that carries bile to
            the bile duct.

         II. The rER in hepatocytes is where steroids are bound to glucuronate to form
            glucuronide as part of liver detoxification.
 

38.     I. Hepatocytes synthesize the serum proteins albumin, fibrin and thrombin.

         II. Hepatocytes convert T3 to T4.
 

39.     I. The classic hepatic lobule has a central vein in its center and three portal areas
            on its corners.

         II. The gall bladder has no muscularis mucosa.
 

40.     I. The canals of Hering receive lymph fluid from the spaces of Disse.

         II. Contraction of the sphincter of Boyden will lead to attenuation of fluid flow
            from the pancreas.
 

41.     I. The thin segment of the descending and ascending limbs of the proximal and
            distal tubule constitutes the loop of Henle.

         II. Medullary rays are located within the cortex and represents areas where
            straight parts of the nephron and the collecting ducts are located.
 

42.     I. The perforated surface of the papilla, which protrude into the minor calix is called
            the area cribosa.

         II. The inner zone of the medulla does not contain any portion of the thick descending
            limb of the nephron.
 

43.     I. Blood flow into the kidney travels the following path: abdominal aorta, renal artery,
            interlobar artery, arcuate artery, interlobular artery and afferent arteriole.

         II. Endothelial cells of the capillaries within the Bowman’s capsule are very thin and
            have large pores with filtration slits.
 

44.     I. Plasma filtration in the Bowman’s capsule is affected by blood pressure, electric
            charge of the molecule and size of the molecule.

         II. Juxtaglomerular cells are specialized smooth muscle cells in the wall of the efferent
            arteriole with secretory granules of renin.
 

45.     I. The proximal convoluted tubule of the nephron is typically longer than the distal
            convoluted tubule.

         II. Glucose, which is not normally found in urine, is reabsorbed in the proximal tubule
            and collecting ducts of the kidney.
 

46.     I. The lower one third of the ureter has three muscle layers.

         II. Pathologically low levels of aldosterone could lead to an increase urinary volume.
            The urine would likely be hyperosmotic.
 

47.     I. Angiotensin II, which is formed in the lung, acts on the zona fasciculata of the
            adrenal gland to release aldosterone.  The aldosterone acts on the distal tubules
            stimulating Na+ reabsorption.

         II. Low levels of sodium stimulates the macula densa cells to secrete renin.
 

48.     I.  The proximal and distal convoluted tubules are  areas of the nephron where protons are
            absorbed into the urine.

         II. Angiotensin I stimulates smooth muscle of arterioles thereby increasing blood pressure.
 

49.     I. The thin segment of the loop of Henle is made of mostly cuboidal epithelial cells.

         II. The cells that constitute the epithelium of the proximal tubules have a brush border
            and contain many free ribosomes.
 

50.     I. The lamina propria of the female urethra has loose connective tissue with a rich
            venous plexus.

         II. In the ureter, the inner most muscle layer is longitudinal.